Contents
Acknowledgments?xi
Introduction?1
Federal Higher Education Policy Areas?3
Guiding Questions, Perspectives, and Methods?8
Preview of the Remainder of the Book?12
1.??The Federal Structure and Higher Education Policy?15
Federalism in the United States?15
Federal Powers and Politics?20
Constitutional Provisions and Policy Instruments?25
Summary and Conclusion?31
2.??The History of the Federal Government?s Role in Higher Education?33
Higher Education?s Early Expansion: 1780s?1920s?34
The Post?World War I Era, Great Depression, and New Deal: 1920s?1940s?38
Higher Education and the National Defense: 1940s?1950s?39
The Civil Rights Movement and Steps Toward Equity: 1930s?1970s?42
Consumerism and Accountability: 1970s?2020s?48
Summary and Conclusion?51
3.??Congress?s Roles in Higher Education?53
Structure of Congress?54
Congress?s Legislative Power?59
Congressional Oversight Powers?64
Senate Confirmation Power?66
The Congressional ?Bully Pulpit??67
Congressional Power Case Study: The CARES Act?69
Summary and Conclusion?69
4.??The President?s Power and Influence Over Higher Education?71
Overview of the Presidency and Executive Branch?72
The President?s Legislative Role in Higher Education Policymaking?73
Executive Action?75
Using the ?Bully Pulpit? and Presidential Messaging?80
Policymaking in the White House?81
Presidential Power Case Study: International Students and Scholars?88
Summary and Conclusion?89
5.??Federal Administrative Agencies and Higher Education?91
Overview of Federal Administrative Agencies?92
Policy Powers of Federal Agencies?94
Federal Agencies Influencing Higher Education?101
Agency Power Case Study: Borrower Defense to Repayment?110
Summary and Conclusion?111
6.??Higher Education and the Federal Courts?113
Overview of the Federal Court System?114
Federal Courts? Jurisdiction and Powers?117
Key Higher Education Policy Areas Affected by the Federal Judiciary?119
Judicial Power Case Study: Bankruptcy Courts?125
Summary and Conclusion?126
7.??Nonfederal Actors? Influence on Federal Higher Education Policy?127
Interest Groups?128
State and Local Governments?134
Accreditors?138
News Media?140
Other Nonfederal Actors?141
Summary and Conclusion?144
8.??Reexamining the Federal Role in Higher Education?147
Returning to the Guiding Questions?148
Revisiting Perspectives on the Size of Government?159
Summary and Conclusion?161
Methodological Appendix?163
Interview Data?163
Documentary Data?165
Notes?167
References?171
Index?221
About the Author?245
