Contents
Series Foreword?James A. Banks?ix
Preface?xv
Acknowledgments?xix
1.??Theoretical Perspectives on Assessment in Diverse Classrooms?1
Diversity in Schools?2
What Is Assessment??3
Validity Theory and Fair Assessment?3
The State of Classroom Assessment Practices?9
Improving the Validity of Classroom Assessment for Diverse Learners?15
Culturally Responsive Pedagogy and the Validity of Classroom Assessment?16
Communities of Practice and the Validity of Classroom Assessment Practices?18
Where Do We Go From Here??19
2.??Bias and Sensitivity Issues in Classroom Assessment?21
What Is Bias in Assessment??22
Impact of Teacher Attitudes and Beliefs on Formal and Informal Assessment of Students?24
Bias in Students, Scores on Tests and Other Assignments?29
Strategies for Minimizing Cultural, Racial, Gender, and Language Bias in Large-Scale Tests?31
Potential for Bias in Computer-Administered Tests?44
Potential for Bias in Published Classroom Assessments?45
Minimizing Bias in Classroom Assessments?45
The Role of Community in Reducing Bias in Assessment?50
Conclusion?51
3.??Culturally Relevant and Socially Responsive Assessment?52
Culturally Relevant Pedagogy?54
Culturally Responsive Pedagogy?57
Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy?61
Summary of Culturally Relevant, Responsive, and Sustaining Pedagogy?63
Culturally and Socially Responsive Assessment?64
Developing Culturally and Socially Responsive Assessment Tools?70
Culturally and Socially Responsive Assessment: Last Thoughts?81
4.??Student Engagement and Assessment?84
Student Engagement: A Review of Research?84
Factors That Improve Engagement of Students?86
Strategies for Increasing Student Engagement During Assessment Events?94
The Challenges of Making Assessment Engaging for All Students?101
5.??A Situative Perspective on Assessment in Diverse Classrooms?103
A Situative Perspective?104
Implications of a Situative Perspective on Classroom Assessment Practices?108
Communities of Practice and Culturally Responsive Assessment?112
Summary?117
6.??Developing Assessments for Diverse Classrooms?120
Development of Culturally and Socially Responsive Assessment Tools?120
Unpacking Standards for Relevant and Responsive Assessment?124
Models for Culturally and Socially Responsible Reading Assessment?125
Culturally and Socially Relevant Assessment in Social Studies?140
Culturally and Socially Relevant Assessment in the Sciences?145
The Challenge for Culturally and Socially Relevant and Responsive Mathematics Assessment?151
Books by Authors With Diverse Cultural and Social Identities to Support Reading and Social Studies Assessment?167
Concluding Remarks?169
7.??Resources and Tools?171
Part 1: Working in Communities of Practice to Examine Published and Teacher-Developed Classroom Assessments?171
Part 2: Resources for Teacher Learning Through Books About Assessment, Culturally Responsive Pedagogy, and Multicultural Education?176
Appendix A: Avoiding Bias in Grading Practices?185
Appendix B: Developing Culturally Relevant Performance Tasks?189
Appendix C: Bias and Sensitivity Reviews?196
Appendix D: Language Complexity Reviews?208
Appendix E: Questions for Accessibility Reviews?219
Appendix F: Academic Verbs Commonly Used in Testing?221
Notes?223
References?229
Index?255
About the Authors?267
