Contents
Foreword Lorrie A. Shepard ?xiii
Preface ?xv
My History in Science and Formative Assessment ?xvi
Why I Wrote This Book ?xvii
Scope ?xviii
To Whom This Book Is Directed ?xviii
Acknowledgments ?xxi
PART I: FRAMING
1. ?It?s Time to Rethink Formative Assessment in Science Education ?3
What Is Formative Assessment in Science? ?4
New Understandings About Learning That Influence Curriculum, Instruction, and Assessment ?5
Formative Assessment for Ambitious and Equitable 3D Science Learning ?11
Initial Drawings ?15
Family Activity ?15
How to Read This Book ?16
2. ?Broadening Our View of Science Formative Assessment ?19
Formative Assessment in a System of Classroom Activity ?21
Defining Elements of a Formative Assessment Activity System ?23
How Activity Systems Work to Support Learning Through Formative Assessment ?33
Looking Ahead ?38
3. ?Formative Assessment as a Vehicle for Equity and Justice in Science Learning ?39
Structural Influences on Science Formative Assessment ?40
Constraints on Formative Assessment ?43
Formative Assessment as a Vehicle for Equity and Justice ?45
Self-Reflection for Ambitious and Equitable Teaching ?47
Centering Equity and Justice in Formative Assessment: Examples ?49
Equity and Justice: Connective Threads for Formative Assessment Design and Enactment ?53
PART II: TASKS AND PRACTICES
4. ?Questions Worth Answering: The Role of Phenomena in Formative Assessment ?57
Considerations for Phenomena ?58
Types of Phenomena for Formative Assessment ?63
How Different Phenomena Support Formative Assessment Across an Instructional Unit ?66
Resources for Identifying Phenomena for Formative Assessment ?69
Putting It All Together: Framing Formative Assessment Tasks With Phenomena ?69
5. ?Formative Assessment Tasks: Artifacts and Material Representations of Student Thinking ?71
What Do We Mean by ?Tasks?? ?72
The Role of Formative Assessment Tasks ?73
Integrating the Three Dimensions in Formative Assessment Tasks ?75
Elements of Multicomponent Formative Assessment Task Design: Supporting Learners to Show What They Know ?81
Putting It All Together: Redesigning a Multicomponent Formative Assessment Task ?92
Beyond Paper and Pencil: Technology-Assisted Formative Assessment Tasks ?100
Looking Ahead: The Importance of Practices and Feedback ?103
6. ?Norms, Routines, and Community: Classroom Enactment of Formative Assessment ?105
What Do We Mean by ?Enactment?? ?105
Participation Structures ?106
Norms and Routines ?111
Talk Moves: Essential Elements of Formative Assessment Classroom Practices ?118
Putting It All Together: A Formative Assessment Conversation to Support the Development of Student Thinking ?119
7. ?Feedback ?125
Feedback to Support Science Learning ?126
A Model of Feedback ?127
Medium Cycles ?138
PART III: BEYOND THE CLASSROOM
8. ?Tools and Routines for Professional Learning: Collaborative Formative Assessment Design ?143
Teacher Professional Learning Through Formative Assessment Design ?144
Steps for Collaborative Formative Assessment Design ?145
Increasing Opportunities for Teachers to Learn Through Collaboration and Formative Assessment Co-Design ?159
9. ?Learning Progressions: Tools for Formative Assessment ?161
Defining Learning Progressions ?161
Learning Progressions for Three-Dimensional Assessment ?163
Three Functions for Learning Progressions in Formative Assessment ?164
Features of Learning Progressions That Support Formative Assessment ?174
Potential to Guide Formative Assessment, With Caution ?176
10. ?Conclusion: Formative Assessment for Ambitious and Equitable Science Learning: Toward a New Horizon ?177
Main Arguments ?177
What Can We Do? ?178
Closing ?179
Appendix A. Phenomenon Planner ?181
Appendix B. Heated Cup Task ?183
Appendix C. Formative Assessment Task Design Checklist ?185
Appendix D. Weather in Three Places Task ?187
Appendix E. Snowmelt Task ?189
Appendix F. High-Elevation Task ?191
Appendix G. Enactment Planning Guide ?197
Appendix H. Skateboarder Modeling Task ?199
Appendix I. Sample Meeting Agendas for Collaborative Formative Assessment Design ?201
Appendix J. Learning Progression Unit Planner ?203
References ?205
Index ?221
About the Author ?227
