List of Figures and Tables | ix
Preface | xiii
Who Is This Book Written For? | xiv
Acknowledgements | xv
Chapter 1. The Cognitive Sciences: One or Many? | 1
1.0 Chapter Overview | 1
1.1 A Fragmented Psychology | 2
1.2 A Unified Cognitive Science | 3
1.3 Cognitive Science or the Cognitive Sciences? | 6
1.4 Cognitive Science: Pre-paradigmatic? | 13
1.5 A Plan of Action | 16
Chapter 2. Multiple Levels of Investigation | 19
2.0 Chapter Overview | 19
2.1 Machines and Minds | 20
2.2 From the Laws of Thought to Binary Logic | 23
2.3 From the Formal to the Physical | 29
2.4 Multiple Procedures and Architectures | 32
2.5 Relays and Multiple Realizations | 35
2.6 Multiple Levels of Investigation and Explanation | 38
2.7 Formal Accounts of Input-Output Mappings | 40
2.8 Behaviour by Design and by Artifact | 41
2.9 Algorithms from Artifacts | 43
2.10 Architectures against Homunculi | 46
2.11 Implementing Architectures | 48
2.12 Levelling the Field | 51
Chapter 3. Elements of Classical Cognitive Science | 55
3.0 Chapter Overview | 55
3.1 Mind, Disembodied | 56
3.2 Mechanizing the Infinite | 59
3.3 Phrase Markers and Fractals | 65
3.4 Behaviourism, Language, and Recursion | 68
3.5 Underdetermination and Innateness | 72
3.6 Physical Symbol Systems | 75
3.7 Componentiality, Computability, and Cognition | 78
3.8 The Intentional Stance | 82
3.9 Structure and Process | 85
3.10 A Classical Architecture for Cognition | 89
3.11 Weak Equivalence and the Turing Test | 93
3.12 Towards Strong Equivalence | 97
3.13 The Impenetrable Architecture | 106
3.14 Modularity of Mind | 113
3.15 Reverse Engineering | 119
3.16 What is Classical Cognitive Science? | 122
Chapter 4. Elements of Connectionist Cognitive Science | 125
4.0 Chapter Overview | 125
4.1 Nurture versus Nature | 126
4.2 Associations | 133
4.3 Nonlinear Transformations | 139
4.4 The Connectionist Sandwich | 142
4.5 Connectionist Computations: An Overview | 148
4.6 Beyond the Terminal Meta-postulate | 149
4.7 What Do Output Unit Activities Represent? | 152
4.8 Connectionist Algorithms: An Overview | 158
4.9 Empiricism and Internal Representations | 159
4.10 Chord Classification by a Multilayer Perceptron | 162
4.11 Trigger Features | 172
4.12 A Parallel Distributed Production System | 177
4.13 Of Coarse Codes | 184
4.14 Architectural Connectionism: An Overview | 188
4.15 New Powers of Old Networks | 189
4.16 Connectionist Reorientation | 193
4.17 Perceptrons and Jazz Progressions | 195
4.18 What Is Connectionist Cognitive Science? | 198
Chapter 5. Elements of Embodied Cognitive Science | 205
5.0 Chapter Overview | 205
5.1 Abandoning Methodological Solipsism | 206
5.2 Societal Computing | 210
5.3 Stigmergy and Superorganisms | 212
5.4 Embodiment, Situatedness, and Feedback | 216
5.5 Umwelten, Affordances, and Enactive Perception | 219
5.6 Horizontal Layers of Control | 222
5.7 Mind in Action | 224
5.8 The Extended Mind | 230
5.9 The Roots of Forward Engineering | 235
5.10 Reorientation without Representation | 239
5.11 Robotic Moments in Social Environments | 245
5.12 The Architecture of Mind Reading | 250
5.13 Levels of Embodied Cognitive Science | 255
5.14 What Is Embodied Cognitive Science? | 260
Chapter 6. Classical Music and Cognitive Science | 265
6.0 Chapter Overview | 265
6.1 The Classical Nature of Classical Music | 266
6.2 The Classical Approach to Musical Cognition | 273
6.3 Musical Romanticism and Connectionism | 280
6.4 The Connectionist Approach to Musical Cognition | 286
6.5 The Embodied Nature of Modern Music | 291
6.6 The Embodied Approach to Musical Cognition | 301
6.7 Cognitive Science and Classical Music | 307
Chapter 7. Marks of the Classical? | 315
7.0 Chapter Overview | 315
7.1 Symbols and Situations | 316
7.2 Marks of the Classical | 324
7.3 Centralized versus Decentralized Control | 326
7.4 Serial versus Parallel Processing | 334
7.5 Local versus Distributed Representations | 339
7.6 Internal Representations | 343
7.7 Explicit Rules versus Implicit Knowledge | 345
7.8 The Cognitive Vocabulary | 348
7.9 From Classical Marks to Hybrid Theories | 355
Chapter 8. Seeing and Visualizing | 359
8.0 Chapter Overview | 359
8.1 The Transparency of Visual Processing | 360
8.2 The Poverty of the Stimulus | 362
8.3 Enrichment via Unconscious Inference | 368
8.4 Natural Constraints | 371
8.5 Vision, Cognition, and Visual Cognition | 379
8.6 Indexing Objects in the World | 383